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55°53'N, 21°15'E
The History of Kretinga
Kretinga - The History of the Shtetl of the Gillis Family
The Shtetl of the Gillis Family
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| Year | Population | Jews | % |
| 1663 | 3 | ||
| 1847 | 1738 | ||
| 1865 | 1616 | ||
| 1897 | 3418 | 1202 | 35 |
| 1923 | 2532 | 904 | 36 |
| 1930 | 4401 | ||
| 1934 | 4569 | about 800 | 17 |
| 1940 | about 1000 | ||
| 1959 | 9690 | 15 | 0.15 |
| 2001 | 21423 | 3 |
Origins
Kretinga is one of the oldest cities in Lithuania. In 1253 CE the chronicles of the Livonian Order, a military order of German warrior monks, mentioned a castle that was controlled by the Curonians - one of the tribes from which the Lithuanian people would later develop after their adoption of Christianity in the 15th century. In 1602 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (Lithuanian: Jonas Karolis Katkevicius) a notable military commander and one of the most prominent 17th century 'szlachta' of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, built the first church in Kretinga and established a Franciscan monastery. Chodliewicz named the city 'Karolstadt' after himself, and supervised the planning of the city and the building of roads. In 1607 store houses were established for the transfer of merchandise between Russia and Prussia, Kretinga becoming a major commercial centre of northern Lithuania.
Kretinga is one of the oldest cities in Lithuania. In 1253 CE the chronicles of the Livonian Order, a military order of German warrior monks, mentioned a castle that was controlled by the Curonians - one of the tribes from which the Lithuanian people would later develop after their adoption of Christianity in the 15th century. In 1602 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (Lithuanian: Jonas Karolis Katkevicius) a notable military commander and one of the most prominent 17th century 'szlachta' of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, built the first church in Kretinga and established a Franciscan monastery. Chodliewicz named the city 'Karolstadt' after himself, and supervised the planning of the city and the building of roads. In 1607 store houses were established for the transfer of merchandise between Russia and Prussia, Kretinga becoming a major commercial centre of northern Lithuania.
The 1720 Homann map of Prussia & the 1890 map of Eastern Prussia clearly show Kretinga (Karten or Crotingen) just over the border in the Duchy of Lithuania and later in the Kowno province of Czarist Russia
The Population of Kretinga
The 'Poretz' - The Noblemen of Kretinga
In 1609 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz announced that he would establish a new settlement next to the old village and granted the new city 'Magdeburg rights', thus instituting internal self-rule and regulated trade for the benefit of the local merchants and artisans. At the same time this encouraged the influx of Jews who acquired communal autonomy under royal protection. The new city adopted a coat of arms showing the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus in her arms, which has remained Kretinga’s symbol and patron saint. In 1621 the Sapieha 'szlachta' family gained control of the city; changed its coat of arms to represent Saint Casimir, the patron saint of Poland and Lithuania. Invading Swedish armies destroyed the church and monastery in 1659 and again in 1710, following which the Sapiehas helped to rebuild and improve the structures.
In 1609 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz announced that he would establish a new settlement next to the old village and granted the new city 'Magdeburg rights', thus instituting internal self-rule and regulated trade for the benefit of the local merchants and artisans. At the same time this encouraged the influx of Jews who acquired communal autonomy under royal protection. The new city adopted a coat of arms showing the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus in her arms, which has remained Kretinga’s symbol and patron saint. In 1621 the Sapieha 'szlachta' family gained control of the city; changed its coat of arms to represent Saint Casimir, the patron saint of Poland and Lithuania. Invading Swedish armies destroyed the church and monastery in 1659 and again in 1710, following which the Sapiehas helped to rebuild and improve the structures.
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Ignacy Massalski and his Family Coat of Arms
By 1720 the city had come under the jurisdiction of the Massalski family, but lost its municipal rights after the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1795-1915 Kretinga was under Russian rule and became the capital of the area. Being only 5 kms from the border with East Prussia, the town became the trading centre for whole region. During the initial period of Russian rule Kretinga was part of the Vilna (Vilnius) Gubernia (Region), and from 1843 it was transferred to the Kovno (Kaunus) Gubernia. The feudal or magnate control passed to the 'szlachta' family Tyszkiewicz (Tiskevicius), who attained ownership rights and continued their presence in Kretinga up till Lithuanian independence in 1918.
The city prospered during the 19th century. The first telephone line in Lithuania connected Kretinga with Plunge and Rietava in 1882. In 1875, Count Tyszkiewicz decided to establish his family estate in Kretinga; purchased the manor of the Bishop of Vilnius, Ignacy Jakub Massalski and converted the existing residence into a palace. Following the fashions of the Victorian era, the family landscaped it lavishly to include cascading ponds, a waterfall, arbors, fountains, sculptures, and parterres. A greenhouse featuring exotic flowering plants and tropical fruits known as the Winter Garden was added, one of the only gardens of its type in Eastern Europe. Electricity was they installed in 1890 in the manor. From 1935 the Manor was transformed into the Kretinga museum and orangery; presenting exhibitions on local archaeology, antique sculpture and paintings, the Samogitian house, numismatics, and mementoes of the Tyszkiewicz family.
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and his Coat of Arms
Kretinga's Madonna
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A 19th Century View of the Church and of Kretinga's Market Square
The Tyszliewicz Family Manor House in the 19th Century
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During World War I, Kretinga was occupied by the German army, who built a railroad connecting the customs house on the Prussian border at Bajorai (Bajohren) with Kretinga and the Latvian city of Priekule. The city became a transit point for supplies on the way to the Russian front. Merchants from other areas of Lithuania would come to Kretinga to buy merchandise, hard to find in other areas. With the war’s end a joint committee of Lithuanians and Jews formed to govern Kretinga after the German defeat and the declaration of Lithuanian independence, and in 1924 Kretinga regained its municipal rights and became the regional capital. During the interwar period, the village of Kretingsodis, on the other side of the Akmena River, was incorporated into the city. Kretinga gained greater importance after another railroad was built in 1932 that connected it to Siauliau, known as Shavel in Yiddish, and on to Vilna (Vilnius).
A Map of Kretinga and the Surrounding Area (Click to Enlarge)
Note short distance to Klaipeda (Memel) and to Palanga on the Baltic coast.
Note short distance to Klaipeda (Memel) and to Palanga on the Baltic coast.
The Jews of Kretinga
Though Jews were trading in Kretinga as early as the 14th century but it was not until the beginning of the 17th century that Jews began to settle in Kretinga. In a census of 1662 there was mention of two Jewish men and one Jewish woman. Jews only settled in greater numbers in the mid 18th century after receiving special privileges from the Kings of Poland. After the Swedish-Polish wars a Jewish neighbourhood formed beside the Akmena river, to the south-west of the town square. This was a convienient location to partake in the through trade between Memel (Klaipeda) and Palanga. On an island in the river several Jews established farmsteads and operated a water-mill. By 1771 there were 14 Jewish families. Four Jewish families lived in Vokieciu and Birutes streets in the old part of the city until Bishop Ignacy Jakub Massalski prohibited Jewish residence there. Regulations were enacted restricting Jewish residence to a specific part of the town and forbidding them from building or repairing homes in the artisans quarters. Bizarrely Jews were required to set their facades in the direction of Prussia.
In eighteenth century Kretinga became especially attractive for Jewish settlement, mainly because of its convenient geopolitical location, close to Prussian Memel, creating opportunities for cross border trade. Though under Russian Imperial rule, the German language became predominant in cross border trade. German Jews found Kretinga a useful refuge during anti-Semitic unrest there and Kretinga Jews took shelter in Prussia during pogroms in Russia. In 1723 a printer named Behr Drucker came to Kretinga from Danzig (Gdansk). Behr Drucker, whose family later took the name Behrman, started in Kretinga as a book seller and later became an exchange broker. His brother Moushe, known as der Danziger, traded in jewelry and silver. Under Russian occupation, their descendent, Wolf Behrman, was the official representative to the authorities for the Jews of Kretinga. Moshe Levinowitz, also from Danzig, leased a windmill from the Kretinga manor to grind grain. Still, during the eighteenth century Kretinga Jews were involved mostly in small trading - Yosel Solomon traded salt, Leiba Gutman leasing the city water mill and had the brewery, Jankel Issac leased a pub from the manorial estate, Hirsch Yoselowitz owned store and a brewery and Hirsch Markowitz rented an inn near the village of Sasaciu. However, these businesses were not profitable and they owed substantial taxes to the treasury. Jews were also active in the trades - such as the well known jeweler Yosel Leibowitz and many others who produced decorative items and jewelry from amber. On the darker side, others utilised their local knowledge of the border area to smuggle goods across the border between Prussia and Czarist Russia. Some Kretinga Jews made their living from small holdings, often raising a single cow or steer, grazing their livestock together with the other citizens under the supervision of a hired shepherd.
Though Jews were trading in Kretinga as early as the 14th century but it was not until the beginning of the 17th century that Jews began to settle in Kretinga. In a census of 1662 there was mention of two Jewish men and one Jewish woman. Jews only settled in greater numbers in the mid 18th century after receiving special privileges from the Kings of Poland. After the Swedish-Polish wars a Jewish neighbourhood formed beside the Akmena river, to the south-west of the town square. This was a convienient location to partake in the through trade between Memel (Klaipeda) and Palanga. On an island in the river several Jews established farmsteads and operated a water-mill. By 1771 there were 14 Jewish families. Four Jewish families lived in Vokieciu and Birutes streets in the old part of the city until Bishop Ignacy Jakub Massalski prohibited Jewish residence there. Regulations were enacted restricting Jewish residence to a specific part of the town and forbidding them from building or repairing homes in the artisans quarters. Bizarrely Jews were required to set their facades in the direction of Prussia.
In eighteenth century Kretinga became especially attractive for Jewish settlement, mainly because of its convenient geopolitical location, close to Prussian Memel, creating opportunities for cross border trade. Though under Russian Imperial rule, the German language became predominant in cross border trade. German Jews found Kretinga a useful refuge during anti-Semitic unrest there and Kretinga Jews took shelter in Prussia during pogroms in Russia. In 1723 a printer named Behr Drucker came to Kretinga from Danzig (Gdansk). Behr Drucker, whose family later took the name Behrman, started in Kretinga as a book seller and later became an exchange broker. His brother Moushe, known as der Danziger, traded in jewelry and silver. Under Russian occupation, their descendent, Wolf Behrman, was the official representative to the authorities for the Jews of Kretinga. Moshe Levinowitz, also from Danzig, leased a windmill from the Kretinga manor to grind grain. Still, during the eighteenth century Kretinga Jews were involved mostly in small trading - Yosel Solomon traded salt, Leiba Gutman leasing the city water mill and had the brewery, Jankel Issac leased a pub from the manorial estate, Hirsch Yoselowitz owned store and a brewery and Hirsch Markowitz rented an inn near the village of Sasaciu. However, these businesses were not profitable and they owed substantial taxes to the treasury. Jews were also active in the trades - such as the well known jeweler Yosel Leibowitz and many others who produced decorative items and jewelry from amber. On the darker side, others utilised their local knowledge of the border area to smuggle goods across the border between Prussia and Czarist Russia. Some Kretinga Jews made their living from small holdings, often raising a single cow or steer, grazing their livestock together with the other citizens under the supervision of a hired shepherd.
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Postcards of Kretinga from the 1930s - Views from the west across the Akmena river. The synagogue can be seen on the extreme right of the first postcard (marked by blue dot).
Used by courtesy of John Jaffer
Used by courtesy of John Jaffer
Berek Joselewicz
The most famous son of the Kretinga community during this period was Berek Joselewicz (1764-1809) who started his career as the financial agent for the local magnate Massalski. In this capacity he had visited Paris and was influenced by the ideas of the French revolution. Joselewicz joined the Polish militia under Tadeusz Kosciuszko who had challenged Russian rule over Poland, petitioning Kosciuszko to form an all-Jewish unit, which was formed in 1794. Joselewicz, along with Joseph Aronowicz, issued a patriotic call-to-arms in Yiddish denouncing Russia and Prussia, eliciting hundreds of volunteers. A cavalry regiment of 500 men was raised, the first Jewish military formation in modern history. The regiment abstaining from combat on Shabbat, ate only kosher food, and kept their beards for which they were known as the 'Beardlings'. They took part in the 1794 Battle of Warsaw against the Czarist army during which the unit was wiped out. Only a few men survivied, including Joselewicz. After the defeat of the rebellion he fled Poland, but later returned as part of the Polish Legion, falling in battle in Kock (Kotsk) in 1809 fighting for Polish independence with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Joselewicz is still a renowned Polish war hero.
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Berek Joselewicz
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Under Russian Rule
A description of Kretinga from the early 19th. century lists 28 crowded Jewish houses with 120 inhabitants from a total of 111 houses with a total population of 435. Also listed is a synagogue on the road to Memel and a number of brick buildings, two belonging to Jews, including the stone house of Leib Sapir opposite the town hall. As the city developed the Jewish community grew and concentrated in the centre of the town.
In 1852 the Russian Empire decreed that Jews should leave settlements located less than 50 viorsts (around 50 kilometres) from its western frontier. Kretinga was one of 19 communities that did not respond to the order and in fact a reverse process is evident. By 1868 Kretinga had 2573 residents,1509 of them of Jewish (almost 59%) living with 438 Catholic Poles and Lithuanians (17%), 362 (14%) Orthodox Russians and 263 (10%) Lutheran Germans.
In 1855 a fire destroyed the only synagogue. It was rebuilt in 1860 with a 15000 rouble loan, only to burn down again in a huge city fire in Shavuot 1889, together with the Beth HaMidrash and the Kloiz. An appeal for aid published in HaMelitz led to a Kretinga Relief Fund being established in Sunderland, where a community of Kretinga Jews had started to build itself.
Mass emigration from the Kretinga and the Memel area had begun in the 1870s. Many, as previously stated, settling in Sunderland. The first recorded Kretingerer in Sunderland was Barnett Bernstein, an escapee from the Czarist army, arrived there in about 1859 and was related to the Gillis family. In a list of emigrants of 1869/70 were the Kretingers, H. Benion, Y. Ber, H Bernstein, S. Gallewski, M. Shergei, D.A. Olswang, Israel Harris, Charles-Yechezkel Gillis and Y. Pearlman. These family names became intertwined with each other through marriage. Many of these immigrants were instrumental in forming the Relief Fund after the fire in Kretinga in 1889. This emigration had a huge demographic effect on the community. In 1847 there were 1,738 Jews in Kretinga. By 1897 this had dropped to 1202 out of a population of 3418 (35%). By 1923 there were 904 out of 2532, and before the Holocaust only 700.
A description of Kretinga from the early 19th. century lists 28 crowded Jewish houses with 120 inhabitants from a total of 111 houses with a total population of 435. Also listed is a synagogue on the road to Memel and a number of brick buildings, two belonging to Jews, including the stone house of Leib Sapir opposite the town hall. As the city developed the Jewish community grew and concentrated in the centre of the town.
In 1852 the Russian Empire decreed that Jews should leave settlements located less than 50 viorsts (around 50 kilometres) from its western frontier. Kretinga was one of 19 communities that did not respond to the order and in fact a reverse process is evident. By 1868 Kretinga had 2573 residents,1509 of them of Jewish (almost 59%) living with 438 Catholic Poles and Lithuanians (17%), 362 (14%) Orthodox Russians and 263 (10%) Lutheran Germans.
In 1855 a fire destroyed the only synagogue. It was rebuilt in 1860 with a 15000 rouble loan, only to burn down again in a huge city fire in Shavuot 1889, together with the Beth HaMidrash and the Kloiz. An appeal for aid published in HaMelitz led to a Kretinga Relief Fund being established in Sunderland, where a community of Kretinga Jews had started to build itself.
Mass emigration from the Kretinga and the Memel area had begun in the 1870s. Many, as previously stated, settling in Sunderland. The first recorded Kretingerer in Sunderland was Barnett Bernstein, an escapee from the Czarist army, arrived there in about 1859 and was related to the Gillis family. In a list of emigrants of 1869/70 were the Kretingers, H. Benion, Y. Ber, H Bernstein, S. Gallewski, M. Shergei, D.A. Olswang, Israel Harris, Charles-Yechezkel Gillis and Y. Pearlman. These family names became intertwined with each other through marriage. Many of these immigrants were instrumental in forming the Relief Fund after the fire in Kretinga in 1889. This emigration had a huge demographic effect on the community. In 1847 there were 1,738 Jews in Kretinga. By 1897 this had dropped to 1202 out of a population of 3418 (35%). By 1923 there were 904 out of 2532, and before the Holocaust only 700.
Map of Kretinga in 1771
Jewish area in red.
1 - Bernadine Monastery
2 - Market Square
Jewish area in red.
1 - Bernadine Monastery
2 - Market Square
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The Rebuilt Synagogue in 1936
Community Life and Zionism
The social life of Kretinga’s Jews concentrated around the synagogues, located in the little 'Shul' Street. Along side was the Beth HaMidrash, in which Gemarrah (Talmud) studies were held. A Mishna Society operated in the old Kloiz (small synagogue) and the Chevra Tehillim (Psalms), mostly of trades people, operated in the little Kloiz. Even with their declining numbers the community appealed in 1892 to the authorities with a request to permit the construction of a second synagogue due to lack of space and by 1906 a second synagogue stood in the town. Kretinga's Jews were observant and produced a series of scholarly rabbis in the Litvak-Mitnagdim tradition including Rabbi Menachem Mendel, who came from Prague in 1648; Reb Aharon Kretinger, who died in 1842 and authored the book 'Tosfos Aharon'; Rabbi Aryeh Leib Lipkin, nephew of the Salanter Rabbi, who officiated between 1878-1902, and wrote 'Divrei Yedidya' and 'Or Hayom'; and Rabbi Shemariah-Yitzchok Bloch, born in Kretinga, who became Rabbi in Sunderland in 1894 and Birmingham in 1902.
Beside the traditional cheder, in 1860 a Jewish School was established, where Jewish studies, maths, Russian and German were taught by Aryeh Leib Shapira. In 1910 a private Jewish School was established for boys with two classes.
Zionism was strong amongst the Kretinga Jews from the early years of the movement. Yoel ben Eleazar Drubbin, born in Kretinga in 1857, was among the first Biluim. After high school he emigrated to Eretz Israel, becoming was an agricultural worker and then a farmer in Rishon le-Zion. In 1911 he took part in a delegation to Baron Edmond James de Rothschild in Paris to renew his commitment to the colonies, Rishon le-Zion and Zichron Yaacov.
Most however demonstrated their Zionist commitment through fundraising for settlement, a fact noted in lists of donations registered in newspapers of the time. In advance of the fifth Zionist Congress of 1902, 200 shekels were sold in Kretinga indicating a deep attachment to the Zionist cause.
The social life of Kretinga’s Jews concentrated around the synagogues, located in the little 'Shul' Street. Along side was the Beth HaMidrash, in which Gemarrah (Talmud) studies were held. A Mishna Society operated in the old Kloiz (small synagogue) and the Chevra Tehillim (Psalms), mostly of trades people, operated in the little Kloiz. Even with their declining numbers the community appealed in 1892 to the authorities with a request to permit the construction of a second synagogue due to lack of space and by 1906 a second synagogue stood in the town. Kretinga's Jews were observant and produced a series of scholarly rabbis in the Litvak-Mitnagdim tradition including Rabbi Menachem Mendel, who came from Prague in 1648; Reb Aharon Kretinger, who died in 1842 and authored the book 'Tosfos Aharon'; Rabbi Aryeh Leib Lipkin, nephew of the Salanter Rabbi, who officiated between 1878-1902, and wrote 'Divrei Yedidya' and 'Or Hayom'; and Rabbi Shemariah-Yitzchok Bloch, born in Kretinga, who became Rabbi in Sunderland in 1894 and Birmingham in 1902.
Beside the traditional cheder, in 1860 a Jewish School was established, where Jewish studies, maths, Russian and German were taught by Aryeh Leib Shapira. In 1910 a private Jewish School was established for boys with two classes.
Zionism was strong amongst the Kretinga Jews from the early years of the movement. Yoel ben Eleazar Drubbin, born in Kretinga in 1857, was among the first Biluim. After high school he emigrated to Eretz Israel, becoming was an agricultural worker and then a farmer in Rishon le-Zion. In 1911 he took part in a delegation to Baron Edmond James de Rothschild in Paris to renew his commitment to the colonies, Rishon le-Zion and Zichron Yaacov.
Most however demonstrated their Zionist commitment through fundraising for settlement, a fact noted in lists of donations registered in newspapers of the time. In advance of the fifth Zionist Congress of 1902, 200 shekels were sold in Kretinga indicating a deep attachment to the Zionist cause.
| Zionist Congress | Year | Sheqels | Votes | Socialist Zionists | Revisionists | General Zionists | State Zionists | Mizrachi |
| 14 | 1925 | 40 | ||||||
| 15 | 1927 | 92 | 46 | 7 | 8 | 28 | 3 | |
| 16 | 1929 | 224 | 97 | 14 | 17 | 51 | 15 | |
| 17 | 1933 | 248 | 131 | 34 | 40 | 5 | 38 | |
| 18 | 1935 | 439 | 370 | 176 | 59 | 2 | 133 |
Voting in the Kretinga Community for the Zionist Congress between 1925 to 1935
Independent Lithuania
The First World War started with a further conflagration which again destroyed large sections of the town centre. Kretinga was occupied by the German army from the beginning of the war, becoming a transit point for supplies on the way to the Russian front. Merchants from other areas of Lithuania came to Kretinga to buy merchandise hard to find in other areas. With wars end a joint committee of Lithuanians and Jews formed to govern Kretinga after the German defeat, prior to the declaration of Lithuanian independence.
The First World War started with a further conflagration which again destroyed large sections of the town centre. Kretinga was occupied by the German army from the beginning of the war, becoming a transit point for supplies on the way to the Russian front. Merchants from other areas of Lithuania came to Kretinga to buy merchandise hard to find in other areas. With wars end a joint committee of Lithuanians and Jews formed to govern Kretinga after the German defeat, prior to the declaration of Lithuanian independence.
The kehilla (community) organised itself to administer Jewish matters under the autonomy rule for Jews under the auspices of the Ministry for Jewish Affairs of the Lithuanian government. A committee was appointed comprising 6 General Zionists, 3 Zairei Zion, 3 workers and 3 unaffiliated. The committee managed the affairs of the Jews of Kretinga, and for a short time was responsible to issue travel document for those traveling to the Memel, which was occupied by the French under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of WWI. This resulted in the accumulation of large sums for the Community committee. The practice was abolished when Lithuania unilaterally occupied Memel-Klaipeda in 1923.
All the Zionist parties and the religious non-Zionist Agudat Yisrael party were represented in the town, their involvement growing in intensivity through the years of Lithuanian independence to include a large percentage of the Jewish adult population.
Jews were also regularly elected to the city council. In 1924 5 of the 15 representatives, including the deputy mayor, were Jews; the number dropping in later years due to emigration. As in the pre-war years, the rebuilt Synagogue, Beth HaMidrash and Kloiz were the centre of religious life in the city. Rabbi Binyomim Persky was the last Rabbi of the Kehilla before being murdered in the Holocaust. In the city there was a group of 'Tiferet Bachurim' and a children’s group 'Pirchei Shoshanim'. Relief agencies in Kretinga included 'Gemilus Chesed' and Bikur Cholim'.
The popular Jewish bank (Folksbank) was established in 1920. In 1927 it had 293 members. From the funds a building was acquired in 1928 that became the central cultural and economic centre for the Jews of Kretinga. The building was shared with a primary school, a kindergarten, a Maccabi Hall, WIZO and a library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In the 1920s there existed a school, where the language was Yiddish and from 1923 a Gymnasia 'Yavneh'. These closed after several years due to falling numbers. However, the Hebrew Primary School of the 'Tarbut' network operated until Lithuania became part of USSR in 1940. The youth also participated in the activities of various Zionist Youth movements such as Hashomer Hatzair, HeHalutz, Betar and Bnei Akiva, in the sporting activities of Maccabi and in the Hachsherot which prepared them for agricultural work if and when they were able to go on Aliyah to Eretz Israel. Dina Gillis, the daughter of Bezalel Cale and Leah Gillis was a member of Hashomer Hatzair who came from Kretinga to a Kibbutz in the 1930s and thus saved herself from the fate of the rest of her immediate family.
All the Zionist parties and the religious non-Zionist Agudat Yisrael party were represented in the town, their involvement growing in intensivity through the years of Lithuanian independence to include a large percentage of the Jewish adult population.
Jews were also regularly elected to the city council. In 1924 5 of the 15 representatives, including the deputy mayor, were Jews; the number dropping in later years due to emigration. As in the pre-war years, the rebuilt Synagogue, Beth HaMidrash and Kloiz were the centre of religious life in the city. Rabbi Binyomim Persky was the last Rabbi of the Kehilla before being murdered in the Holocaust. In the city there was a group of 'Tiferet Bachurim' and a children’s group 'Pirchei Shoshanim'. Relief agencies in Kretinga included 'Gemilus Chesed' and Bikur Cholim'.
The popular Jewish bank (Folksbank) was established in 1920. In 1927 it had 293 members. From the funds a building was acquired in 1928 that became the central cultural and economic centre for the Jews of Kretinga. The building was shared with a primary school, a kindergarten, a Maccabi Hall, WIZO and a library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In the 1920s there existed a school, where the language was Yiddish and from 1923 a Gymnasia 'Yavneh'. These closed after several years due to falling numbers. However, the Hebrew Primary School of the 'Tarbut' network operated until Lithuania became part of USSR in 1940. The youth also participated in the activities of various Zionist Youth movements such as Hashomer Hatzair, HeHalutz, Betar and Bnei Akiva, in the sporting activities of Maccabi and in the Hachsherot which prepared them for agricultural work if and when they were able to go on Aliyah to Eretz Israel. Dina Gillis, the daughter of Bezalel Cale and Leah Gillis was a member of Hashomer Hatzair who came from Kretinga to a Kibbutz in the 1930s and thus saved herself from the fate of the rest of her immediate family.
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Community Committee - 1923
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Border Crossing to Memel
The 'Herut' Hachshara of the HeHalutz Zionist Movement in Kretinga during the 1930s.
Gathering Clouds
The economic depression of the 1930s affected Lithuania, leading to the rise of the antisemitic Lithuanian organisation of merchants (Verslas) who called for the boycott of Jewish traders. Furthermore, the proximity of the pro-Nazi Germans in Memel strongly influenced the growth of anti Jewish feeling across the border in Lithuania. With the rise of Lithuanian nationalism the relationship with the Lithuanians deteriorated. In the winter of 1928 tar was smeared on Hebrew and Yiddish shop signs and in 1936 there was a blood libel that was repressed by the authorities. The entrance of the Benedictine nunnery displayed the sign, "Entrance to strangers and particularly to Jews is forbidden". This led many to look elsewhere for their future and in 1935 the Folksbank was forced to sell the building. In turn, some of the Jewish youth joined the communist underground. A military tribunal in 1935 tried Ber Persky, son of the Rabbi; Leib Gillis and a Miss Share to long prison terms for concealing pamphlets of the banned Communist party in the Beth HaMidrash. Still, in 1939, a government survey showed that of the 77 shops in Kretinga 64 were Jewish. Furthermore 18 of the 26 factories in the city had Jewish ownership, including the power station and two workshops for amber products. Other small Jewish businesses and professions included butchers, bakers, tailors, hairdressers, milliners, tinkers, carpenters, smiths, shoe repairs, a clockmaker, wool carding, tile manufacture, a taxi company, books, office supplies, ironmongers, dry goods, groceries, paints, cosmetics, electrical goods, lemonade manufacture, oil lamps, blacksmiths, three dentists and a doctor.
The economic depression of the 1930s affected Lithuania, leading to the rise of the antisemitic Lithuanian organisation of merchants (Verslas) who called for the boycott of Jewish traders. Furthermore, the proximity of the pro-Nazi Germans in Memel strongly influenced the growth of anti Jewish feeling across the border in Lithuania. With the rise of Lithuanian nationalism the relationship with the Lithuanians deteriorated. In the winter of 1928 tar was smeared on Hebrew and Yiddish shop signs and in 1936 there was a blood libel that was repressed by the authorities. The entrance of the Benedictine nunnery displayed the sign, "Entrance to strangers and particularly to Jews is forbidden". This led many to look elsewhere for their future and in 1935 the Folksbank was forced to sell the building. In turn, some of the Jewish youth joined the communist underground. A military tribunal in 1935 tried Ber Persky, son of the Rabbi; Leib Gillis and a Miss Share to long prison terms for concealing pamphlets of the banned Communist party in the Beth HaMidrash. Still, in 1939, a government survey showed that of the 77 shops in Kretinga 64 were Jewish. Furthermore 18 of the 26 factories in the city had Jewish ownership, including the power station and two workshops for amber products. Other small Jewish businesses and professions included butchers, bakers, tailors, hairdressers, milliners, tinkers, carpenters, smiths, shoe repairs, a clockmaker, wool carding, tile manufacture, a taxi company, books, office supplies, ironmongers, dry goods, groceries, paints, cosmetics, electrical goods, lemonade manufacture, oil lamps, blacksmiths, three dentists and a doctor.
The Jewish Community in Kretinga before WWII
1 - Synagogue in Megova St.
2 - Cemetery
3 - The original Jewish neighbourhood of Akmenos
1 - Synagogue in Megova St.
2 - Cemetery
3 - The original Jewish neighbourhood of Akmenos
| Retail Branch | No. of Businesses | Jewish Owned |
| Grocery | 11 | 11 |
| Grain and Linen | 2 | 2 |
| Slaughterhouses | 14 | 13 |
| Restaurants and Inns | 3 | 0 |
| Foodstuffs | 12 | 12 |
| Milk Products | 1 | 0 |
| Cloths, Furs and Textiles | 5 | 5 |
| Leather and Shoes | 4 | 4 |
| Pharmacy and Cosmetics | 3 | 2 |
| Watches, Amber Products | 2 | 2 |
| Radio, Bicycle, Sewing Machines | 2 | 1 |
| Hardware and Metal | 4 | 4 |
| Wood for Heating | 1 | 1 |
| Paper, Books and Stationary | 2 | 0 |
| Miscellaneous | 11 | 7 |
| Industry Branch | No. of Businesses | Jewish Owned |
| Metal, Electric Power | 2 | 2 |
| Grave Markers, Bricks, Concrete | 2 | 1 |
| Chemicals: Spirit, Soap, Oil | 2 | 1 |
| Textiles: Wool, Dyer, Looms | 1 | 1 |
| Wood, Bitumen | 3 | 2 |
| Food: Mills, Bakeries | 10 | 8 |
| Clothing, Shoes, Hats | 4 | 1 |
| Others, Bristles, Amber | 2 | 2 |
Tables showing the economic status of the Jewish Community in Kretinga in 1939 based on a Lithuanian Government survey of business
The situation deteriorated further after the Nazis annexed Memel in March 1939. The Jews of Memel became refugees and the Kretinga Jewish community absorbed 300 of them. Following the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, who immediately nationalised the factories and the retail trade, which had remained largely in Jewish hands. All the Zionist parties and youth movements were disbanded and the Jewish educational institutions were closed. The availability of commodities shrank and prices shot up. The Jewish middle class was heavily affected, and seven ‘undesirable’ Jews were exiled to Siberia in June 1941 together with many Lithuanian citizens. However many Jews welcomed the new rulers and took an active part in its institutions and in the Soviet celebrations of October 1940 as greatly favourable to Nazi rule.
All That Remains of the Kretinga Community - The Jewish Cemetery
The German Invasion and the Holocaust
Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, commenced on June 22nd 1941. The Germans 61st Infantry Division led by General Major Robert Sattler, entered Kretinga on the 24th June 1941 without any opposition. Immediately the Tilsit Einsatzgruppen went into action, murdering the first group of Kretinga Jews within two days of their entry to the city. By August 1941 the Kretinga Jewish community has ceased to exist! These murders, together with those perpetrated in Gargzdai and Palanga, were the first committed by the Einsatzgruppen in the Baltic countries, Ukraine and Russia and would end with the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry, the loss of 1.4 million Jewish lives, of magnificent historic communities and their physical heritage. A full description of the Holocaust in Kretinga can be found here.
Kretinga after the War
After victory in 1945 the Soviets started to undertake reprisals against Lithuanian nationalists and those sections of Lithuanian society that had collaborated with the Nazis. This led to further reductions in the population of Kretinga, as refugees, especially collaborators, fled to the west while close to 400 of those trapped, together with a large group of Lithuanian anti-Soviet nationalists were deported to Siberia. Few Jews returned and the community never recovered. Under Soviet rule Kretinga became an economic backwater, the collectivisation of the farms being particularly difficult for the Lithuanians. However, since Lithuania's independence in 1990, the town has made a recovery and now forms part of the tourist route along the Baltic coast. From the information provided by the municipality, Kretinga is proud to host folk music festivals, theatricals, the Kretinga Festival, celebrations on Midsummer Night's Eve and a Manorial Feast, based at the Kretinga Museum. The city has also built a powerplant to exploit the heat generated by the Cambrian geothermal reservior under its surface.
Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, commenced on June 22nd 1941. The Germans 61st Infantry Division led by General Major Robert Sattler, entered Kretinga on the 24th June 1941 without any opposition. Immediately the Tilsit Einsatzgruppen went into action, murdering the first group of Kretinga Jews within two days of their entry to the city. By August 1941 the Kretinga Jewish community has ceased to exist! These murders, together with those perpetrated in Gargzdai and Palanga, were the first committed by the Einsatzgruppen in the Baltic countries, Ukraine and Russia and would end with the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry, the loss of 1.4 million Jewish lives, of magnificent historic communities and their physical heritage. A full description of the Holocaust in Kretinga can be found here.
Kretinga after the War
After victory in 1945 the Soviets started to undertake reprisals against Lithuanian nationalists and those sections of Lithuanian society that had collaborated with the Nazis. This led to further reductions in the population of Kretinga, as refugees, especially collaborators, fled to the west while close to 400 of those trapped, together with a large group of Lithuanian anti-Soviet nationalists were deported to Siberia. Few Jews returned and the community never recovered. Under Soviet rule Kretinga became an economic backwater, the collectivisation of the farms being particularly difficult for the Lithuanians. However, since Lithuania's independence in 1990, the town has made a recovery and now forms part of the tourist route along the Baltic coast. From the information provided by the municipality, Kretinga is proud to host folk music festivals, theatricals, the Kretinga Festival, celebrations on Midsummer Night's Eve and a Manorial Feast, based at the Kretinga Museum. The city has also built a powerplant to exploit the heat generated by the Cambrian geothermal reservior under its surface.
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Kretinga in Russian Map, Memel Sheet, 1910
"Russian" Krottingen on German Map, Nimmersatt-Krotingen Sheet, 1914.
Synagogue marked in red, Jewish Cemetery in blue, German customs station on border prior to 1914 and betwen 1939 to 1941 in yellow.
(maps courtesy of John Jaffer)
(maps courtesy of John Jaffer)
Sources
This is not a article researched from primary sources . Most of the bibliographical material available is written in Lithuanian and is thus not accessible to me. Please feel welcome to contact if you wish to correct or augment the information.
1 - There are a series of Wikipedia articles. The central article on Kretinga will point you the rest, though like almost all articles originating in Lithuania, the past existence of Jews in their midst is sadly ignored or only noted in passing. The Lithuanians have good reason for feeling embarrassed! - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretinga
2 - Kretinga. In. Dov Levin. 1996. Ed. Pinkas Hakehilot: Lite. Yad Vashem. Jerusalem Pp. 617-621.(Hebrew).
3 - Arnold Levy. 1956. The History of the Sunderland Jewish Community. Macdonald. London.
4 - Shtetl Links - Kretinga: http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Kretinga/history.htm
5 - Ieva Malukiene, Agne Rymkeviciute, Rita Satrovaite, 2007, Kretingos miesto Ikurimo istorija. www.zydai.it.
This is not a article researched from primary sources . Most of the bibliographical material available is written in Lithuanian and is thus not accessible to me. Please feel welcome to contact if you wish to correct or augment the information.
1 - There are a series of Wikipedia articles. The central article on Kretinga will point you the rest, though like almost all articles originating in Lithuania, the past existence of Jews in their midst is sadly ignored or only noted in passing. The Lithuanians have good reason for feeling embarrassed! - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretinga
2 - Kretinga. In. Dov Levin. 1996. Ed. Pinkas Hakehilot: Lite. Yad Vashem. Jerusalem Pp. 617-621.(Hebrew).
3 - Arnold Levy. 1956. The History of the Sunderland Jewish Community. Macdonald. London.
4 - Shtetl Links - Kretinga: http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Kretinga/history.htm
5 - Ieva Malukiene, Agne Rymkeviciute, Rita Satrovaite, 2007, Kretingos miesto Ikurimo istorija. www.zydai.it.
Copyright © 2007-2010 Jon Seligman. All Rights Reserved.
Kretinga was considered one of the most important trading centres in the region, with many businesses concentrated in the hands of Jewish and Prussian merchants. The largest traders of the period were Hirschowitz and Katznellenbogen, who had set up the store to trade foreign wines and spirits. Many Jews worked in business, trading on both sides of the border and earning their keep as customs agents. Others were shop owners and tradesmen. But, the area of Kretinga and Palanga was well known for its amber. Some Jews processed the amber and sold the product in Russia and around the world. Jewish arts and crafts factories made amber jewellery for sale to the summer tourists, especially in the nearby seaside resort of Palanga, where a Museum to Amber has been set up in another palace of the Tyszkiewicz family.
Jews continued to be trade and craft leaders in the town. Like in the majority of Lithuanian towns, Jewish business, marketing and residence focused in the urban center and in the surrounding streets. Kretinga's Jews centred mainly in the south of of the town, especially in Vytauto, Birutes, Kartenos, Gargzdu, Darzu, Pirties, Palangos, Turgavietes streets. One of the most important entrepreneurs of the period was Judel Teitz who, together with E.Sher set up a tea, saccharin and candle factory on Birute St. marketing their products under the name Virdulys (Teapot) and Svyturio (Lighthouse) and Malunas (Windmill).
The Kretinga Merchants and Industrialists Union was set up by Nachman Shpitz, Nathan Resnik, Meir Schwartz, Hirsch Tubianski and Savel Israelowitz, an initiative that did not include Teitz and Sher, the largest industrialists in the town. On the opposite side of the capital divide, socialist jews established a workers union in 1920, headed by Shaul Leiba Peretz. In the same year, the 'People of Israel Workers Cultural Association' and the Zionist socialist Ber Borochov association were founded.
The Kretinga Merchants and Industrialists Union was set up by Nachman Shpitz, Nathan Resnik, Meir Schwartz, Hirsch Tubianski and Savel Israelowitz, an initiative that did not include Teitz and Sher, the largest industrialists in the town. On the opposite side of the capital divide, socialist jews established a workers union in 1920, headed by Shaul Leiba Peretz. In the same year, the 'People of Israel Workers Cultural Association' and the Zionist socialist Ber Borochov association were founded.
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Delivery Cart of the Malunas Saccharin Factory
KRETINGA
Though inside Lithuania, Kretinga's location, less than three kilometres former the former Prussian border, has greatly influenced its history, culture and economy through the possibility to open trading links between Prussia and Czarist Russia.
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Jewish School Pupils in Kretinga during the 1930s.
Youth Movement
Photographs courtesy of Shaul Yannai
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Three Views of Kretinga Across the Akmena River - Picture from an album published by a photographer from nearby Memel in East Prussia. The synagogue is clearly visible of the right of the third picture.
Prussian Postcards and Views of of Pre-War Kretinga - The Lutheren & Orthodox Churches and the Manor House.
Like the Synagogue, the Orthodox Church was destroyed during WWII.
Like the Synagogue, the Orthodox Church was destroyed during WWII.
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Kretinga was on the border between East Prussia and Russia, and later between Germany and Lithuania.
"The Northernmost German Rail Station at Bajohren"; The Rail Bridge; The Guesthouse; Customs Post & Border Stone.
"The Northernmost German Rail Station at Bajohren"; The Rail Bridge; The Guesthouse; Customs Post & Border Stone.
For a gallery of photographs and a modern map of Kretinga click here.
Yoel Drubbin
Rishon LeZion Founder
Rishon LeZion Founder